Research Process and Terminology

Examination Process and Terminology Performing an exploration requires an individual with trustworthiness and a solid will to proceed until the exploration is finished and the person in question is fulfilled that the exploration was done to their best capacity. While archiving the discoveries the scientist must report a total finding of all information including data that may not be a promising as the person in question might want. Exploring is tied in with discovering the conceivable hood of an occasion or wrongdoing. The scientist should start the exploration not knowing, or expecting a specific outcome.Research is to all the more likely set up the universe for what may happen giving certain circumstances. The honesty of the scientist will decide how legitimate the data from the examination will be. Examination is a significant piece of criminal equity. Powerful examination can decide the crime percentage and potential methods of wrongdoing counteraction. Phrasing inside the crimin al equity framework is a key factor in comprehension and correspondence data viably. The absence of appropriate phrasing when deciphering research information can be negative to a case.The criminal equity framework has different examination techniques used in the framework. The basic examination strategy is quantitative exploration. Quantitative is the ideas of allotting a numerical worth. This strategy gives various approaches to recover information, and use essentially to consider the reason for wrongdoing. This strategy can likewise be utilized to decide designs in circumstances including criminal equity. The procedure of exploration in the criminal equity framework has five general advances: issue plan, research structure, information assortment, examination and introduction, and conclusion.Problem definition is choosing an issue to investigate. While choosing an exploration issue factor in the present status of the issue, the gaps in the hypothesis, and the subsidizing to play out the examination. The exploration configuration is resolved the kind of test to be performed, or an investigation gathering. Information assortment is the means by which the data will be gathered. Surveys, meetings, and reanalysis of existing information are a few techniques for gathering research information. Examination and present the discoveries of the information gathered. Make an outline of the finding and be set up to introduce the report.The end will be the researchers’ translations of what the individual in question accepts the investigation appeared. So as to comprehend the exploration strategies and circumstance in criminal equity, one must have the option to fathom the phrasing and ability to appropriately clarify the outcomes. A significant term utilized in criminal equity framework is catching of the pith of the real world, or ideas. A few instances of ideas in criminal equity framework are wrongdoing, insight, police watch, and recidivism. Recidivism is a de crease of wrongdoing in amount and quality over a one year period.This term is generally utilized when examining adolescent guilty parties. Adolescent recidivism rates can be recovered on the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) site. NCJRS is a governmentally financed asset offering equity and substance misuse data to help examination, strategy, and program improvement around the world (U. S. DOJ 2010). The asset is useful and instructive for anybody inspired by criminal equity. Knowing about these terms and applying them fittingly is significant in the criminal equity field.There can be many negative results by not knowing the best possible phrasing while at the same time directing criminal equity research. Data can be missed totally or misconstrued. Inability to comprehend the wording can have a domino impact on criminal equity research. In the event that a specific term isn't characterized appropriately the term might influence the examination and eventually influ ence the final products. Being acquainted with the wording utilized in the criminal equity framework upgrades the information and permits the chance to progress in the field.Effective exploration keeps on being a solid establishment in the criminal equity framework. Exploration is incorporated in the framework and keeps on being an essential device with regards to finding tenable and real data. Examination techniques and information on wording inside those strategies are devices that help with finding that data. Inability to comprehend the wording associated with the exploration procedures may have negative effect on the current examination. The final product of not appreciating the wording could risk a case in court.In request to keep such negative impacts from occurring, it is imperative to ensure that there is a reasonable and brief comprehension of the phrasing included with respect to the examination in the criminal equity field. Scientists have the commitment to perform resear ch with the most noteworthy respect of respectability. The data which is gathered during an exploration is more than prone to be distributed for the universe to view and use so as to keep wrongdoing from being submitted. In the event that the information is off base or not approved by a progression of test or taken from real examination done by the scientist, it could cause more mischief than good.The analyst must have the option to transfer the data in the wording where it is expected to be finished. The best possible wording is similarly as significant as the exploration. References U. S. Branch of Justice. (2005). Quantitative Research on Friction Ridge Patterns. Accessible: http://www. ncjrs. gov/pdffiles1/nij/sl000698. pdf. Last got to 11/13/2010. U. S. Branch of Justice. (2010). NCJRS. Accessible: http://www. ncjrs. gov/application/themes/Topic. aspx? topicid=146. Last got to 11/13/2010.

An Analysis of Samples of Rhetorical Analysis Essay

An Analysis of Samples of Rhetorical Analysis EssayAn Analysis of Samples of Rhetorical Analysis Essay is a short work that is primarily concerned with examining a number of popular forms of writing, namely essays, journals, public speaking, and narrative writing. It helps to examine the roles that each form plays in the writer's particular field, the structure of the essay, and the goals that are commonly established by the writer.The Analysis of Samples of Rhetorical Analysis Essay was originally written in 1982. It was revised and updated several times throughout the years, and was finally published in 2020. There have been many works that have benefited from the research that this book has contributed, but few have considered themselves to be among the best when it comes to illustrating what type of analysis can be done to enable a writer to learn about the form that he or she is currently writing in.Analysis of Samples of Rhetorical Analysis Essay takes the reader through a crit ical analysis of a series of styles, all of which can be traced back to classical rhetoric. It was created by a professor at the University of Texas. Professor Robert Mann explains how he was able to create such a detailed treatment of all three of the types of styles presented within the book. He also explains the reasoning behind some of the conclusions that he draws throughout the work.First, Professor Mann looks at what is seen as the most commonly used styles of writing when it comes to analyzing the different styles of writing that he has studied. These are newspaper columns, literary critiques, and critical essays.Next, he examines the idea that the audience of any form of writing is generally affected by the writer when it comes to the type of style that is chosen to express the writer's ideas. This is something that has long been noted by other scholars in regards to the use of styles in the writing of essays, and by Professor Mann it is observed that this trend is also tru e of the rhetorical analysis essay.Third, he looks at the different goals that are typically set for the rhetorician when it comes to analyzing the different types of styles of writing that are analyzed in the Analysis of Samples of Rhetorical Analysis Essay. Two of these goals are that the rhetorician must be able to express the writer's thoughts clearly in an essay, and that the essay should serve the particular purpose of communication. A third goal that the reader is expected to find when reading the essay is that the essay should remain consistent throughout the entire composition.Analysis of Samples of Rhetorical Analysis Essay has been widely accepted by many for its effective and thorough approach to its purpose. Since there is a wide variety of styles and genres to analyze, it has served to answer the need of writers who may be interested in creating an essay that is reflective of the critical thinking that they may be involved in. In addition, a wide variety of readers has found this style of writing useful in teaching them about the different styles of writing that are available in the world today.Therefore, it can be concluded that Analysis of Samples of Rhetorical Analysis Essay has been helpful to many writers because it provides a systematized structure to their essays, while helping to provide the readers with more information about the various styles of writing that they are being examined in. The writers also find that they learn about the various styles of writing that are available in an interesting and informative manner.

Types of Fallacies

False notions OF RELEVANCE 1. Request to Force If you guess that threatening your rival is giving him a purpose behind accepting that you are right, at that point you are utilizing a panic strategy and thinking deceptively. Model: David: My dad claims the retail chain that gives your paper fifteen percent of all its promoting income, so I’m sure you won’t need to distribute any account of my capture for splash painting the school. Paper editorial manager: Yes, David, I see your point. The story truly isn’t newsworthy.David has given the manager a monetary explanation not to distribute, yet he has not given a pertinent motivation behind why the story isn't newsworthy. David’s strategies are terrifying the manager, however it’s the editorial manager who submits the alarm strategy deception, not David. David has simply utilized an alarm strategy. This fallacy’s name underlines the reason for the false notion as opposed to the blunder itself. 2. Advance to Pity You submit the false notion of enticement to feelings when someone’s bid to you to acknowledge their case is acknowledged simply in light of the fact that the intrigue stirs your sentiments of outrage, dread, sadness, love, shock, feel sorry for, pride, sexuality, compassion, alleviation, thus forth.Example of allure to help from sorrow: [The speaker realizes he is conversing with an oppressed individual whose house is worth a lot more than $100,000. ] You had an extraordinary activity and didn’t have the right to lose it. I wish I could help by one way or another. I do have one thought. Presently your family needs monetary security much more. You need money. I can support you. Here is a check for $100,000. Simply consent to this standard deals arrangement, and we can avoid the real estate professionals and all the migraines they would make at this crucial time in your life.There is nothing amiss with utilizing feelings when you contend, yet it’s a misstep to utilize feelings as the key premises or as apparatuses to make light of applicable data. Concerning paradox ofâ appeal to feel sorry for, it is appropriate to feel sorry for individuals who have had adversities, however on the off chance that as the person’s history teacher you acknowledge Max’s guarantee that he earned An on the history test since he broke his wrist while playing in your college’s last ball game, at that point you’ve submitted the false notion ofâ appeal to feel sorry for. *Appeal to Snobbery 3. Advertisement HominemYou submit this paradox in the event that you make an immaterial assault on the arguer and recommend that this assault sabotages the contention itself. It is a type of the Genetic Fallacy. Model: What she says about Johannes Kepler’s cosmology of the 1600? s must be simply so much trash. Do you understand she’s just fourteen years of age? This assault may sabotage the arguer’s validity a s a logical power, however it doesn't subvert her thinking. That thinking should stand or fall on the logical proof, not on the arguer’s age or whatever else about her personally.If the erroneous reasoner calls attention to insignificant conditions that the reasoner is in, the deception is a fortuitous dirty pool. Tu Quoque and Two Wrongs Make a Rightâ are different kinds of the character blackening false notion. The significant trouble with marking a bit of thinking as a character blackening deception is choosing whether the individual assault is applicable. For instance, assaults on an individual for their really unethical sexual direct are superfluous to the nature of their numerical thinking, however they are pertinent to contentions advancing the individual for an administration position in the church.Unfortunately, numerous assaults are not all that simple to order, for example, an assault calling attention to that the possibility for chapel authority, while in the tenth grade, purposefully stumbled a kindred understudy and broke his neckline bone. *Ad Hominem Circumstantial Guilt by affiliation is a variant of theâ ad hominemâ fallacy in which an individual is said to be liable of blunder due to the gathering the person partners with. The misrepresentation happens when we unreasonably attempt to change the issue to be about the speaker’s conditions instead of about the speaker’s genuine contention. Additionally called â€Å"Ad Hominem, Circumstantial. Model: Secretary of State Dean Acheson is excessively delicate on socialism, as should be obvious by his enticing such a large number of fluffy made a beeline for his White House mixed drink parties. Has any proof been introduced here that Acheson’s activities are wrong with respect to socialism? This kind of thinking is a case of McCarthyism, the method of spreading liberal Democrats that was so adequately utilized by the late Senator Joe McCarthy in the mid 1950s. Trut h be told, Acheson was unequivocally hostile to socialist and the draftsman of President Truman’s firm approach of containing Soviet force. 4. Bid to the PeopleIf you recommend too unequivocally that someone’s guarantee or contention is right essentially on the grounds that it’s what most everybody accepts, at that point you’ve submitted the false notion of enticement to the individuals. Likewise, in the event that you propose too emphatically that someone’s guarantee or contention is mixed up just in light of the fact that it’s not what most everybody accepts, at that point you’ve additionally dedicated the false notion. Concurrence with prominent sentiment isn't really a solid indication of truth, and deviation from prevalent attitude isn't really a dependable indication of blunder, yet in the event that you accept it is and do as such with energy, at that point you’re liable of submitting this fallacy.It is basically equival ent to the errors of promotion numerum, claim to the exhibition, advance to the majority, contention from prevalence, argumentum advertisement populum, normal practice, horde offer, past training, peer pressure, customary knowledge. The â€Å"too strongly† referenced above is significant in the portrayal of the deception since what most everybody accepts is, thus, to some degree prone to be valid, taking everything into account. Notwithstanding, the error happens when this level of help is overestimated. Model: You should go to channel 6. It’s the most watched channel this year.This is misleading a result of its verifiably tolerating the flawed reason that the most watched channel this year is, hence alone, the best channel for you. In the event that you stress speaking to aâ newâ idea of the display, masses, horde, companions, individuals, etc, at that point it is a fleeting trend error. *Bandwagon If you propose that someone’s guarantee is right essentially in light of the fact that it’s what most everybody is coming to accept, at that point you’re submitting the fleeting trend deception. Get up here with us on the wagon where the band is playing, and go where we go, and don’t ponder the reasons.The Latin expression for this paradox of enticement to oddity is Argumentum advertisement Novitatem. Model: [Advertisement] More and more individuals are purchasing sports utility vehicles. Isn’t it time you got one, as well? [You submit the false notion in the event that you purchase the vehicle exclusively in view of this ad. ] Like its nearby cousin, the false notion of allure to the individuals, the temporary fad deception should be deliberately recognized from appropriately shielding a case by bringing up that numerous individuals have contemplated the guarantee and have reached a contemplated resolution that it is correct.What most everybody accepts is probably going to be valid, taking everything into account, and on the off chance that one guards a case on those grounds, this is definitely not a misleading induction. What is erroneous is to be cleared up by the energy of another thought or new trend and to certainly give it too high a level of your conviction exclusively on the grounds of its new notoriety, maybe thinking just that ‘new is better. ’ The key fixing that is absent from a fleeting trend error is information that a thing is well known on account of its high caliber. Advance to Past People (â€Å"You too†) 5. Mishap We regularly show up at a speculation yet don’t or can’t list all the special cases. At the point when we reason with the speculation as though it has no special cases, we submit the error of mishap. This deception is here and there called the â€Å"fallacy of clearing speculation. † Example: People should stay faithful to their obligations, isn't that so? I credited Dwayne my blade, and he said he’d bring it back. Presently he is declining to give it back, yet I need it right currently to slice up my neighbors who disregarded me.People should stay faithful to their commitments, however there are special cases to this generaliztion as for this situation of the mental case who needs Dwayne to stay faithful to his obligation to restore the blade. 6. Misrepresentation You submit the misrepresentation error at whatever point you property an effectively disproved position to your rival, one that the adversary wouldn’t underwrite, and afterward continue to assault the handily invalidated position (the misrepresentation) trusting you have subverted the opponent’s real position. On the off chance that the distortion is deliberately, at that point the misrepresentation false notion is brought about by lying.Example (a discussion before the city board): Opponent: Because of the killing and enduring of Indians that followed Columbus’s disclosure of America, the City of Berkeley ought to pronounce that Columbus Day will never again be seen in our city. Speaker: This is ludicrous, individual individuals from the city chamber. It’s false that everyone who at any point came to America from another nation some way or another mistreated the Indians. I state we should keep on watching Columbus Day, and vote against this goals that will make the City of Berkeley the fool of the nation.The speaker has turned what his rival said; the rival never stated, nor even in a roundabout way recommended, that everyone who at any point came to America from another nation by one way or another abused the Indians. The basic mastermind will react to the false notion by saying, â€Å"Let’s return to the first issue of whether we have a valid justification to end watching Columbus Day. † 7. Overlooking the main issue The end that is attracted is unimportant to the premises; it overlooks the main issue. Model: In court, Thompson affirms that the litigant is a good in dividual, who wouldn’t hurt a flea.The guard lawyer submits the deception by ris

College Applications How to Address Red Flags

College Applications: How to Address Red Flags As the academic year winds down, students finishing their junior year may be looking to get a head start on the college application process. Almost every student gets nervous about college applications, but for students who have to explain an infraction, grade dip, or extenuating circumstances, there's an even higher level of anxiety. Are you afraid that a "red flag" on your file will drop it straight into the ‘denial’ pile? Make an appointment with your guidance counselor or with an independent college counselor to address any red flags on your application in an articulate, comprehensive, and responsible way. Start by determining if you fall into one of the following categories: Disciplinary Infractions: These include expulsions, suspensions, and probations. Not all disciplinary infractions are created equal. There is a wide spectrum, from tardiness, to dress code violations, to underage drinking, to academic dishonesty. Grade Dip: Did you flunk or get a D in more then one class? Does a cursory glance at your transcript show a sudden nose-dive in grades or a slew of unexplained absences? Curricular Changes: Did you drop a major subject, switch class levels, or have a dramatic change in your schedule or course load? School Breaks: Did you miss a semester or a whole year of school? Did you change schools at a critical juncture? Did these events negatively affect your coursework and/or grades? If you have experienced any of the above, you may be required or invited to explain the circumstances in your college applications. Many colleges, including those on The Common Application, provide an ‘additional information’ section to address these situations. Here are some tips you should keep in mind when composing your explanation: Be Honest: If you did something wrong, admit it. Be forthright and clear about what happened. Reflect on the sequence of events and acknowledge your role in them. Don’t make up excuses or try to minimize what happened. Nothing frustrates an admission officer more than a smug student who doesn’t admit their shortcomings. Take Responsibility: Admissions officers understand that teenagers make mistakes. However, the mark of maturity is your ability to take ownership for your actions and to learn from your mistakes. Do not blame your high school, teachers, friends, or classmates for what happened. Of course, there are often other mitigating factors and in many disciplinary cases, you may feel victimized or unfairly treated. However, your college application is not the place to vent or deflect blame. Share Your Motivations: If you were caught drinking, were you caught up in the drama of homecoming? If you plagiarized, did you pull three all-nighters in a row and cave under the pressure? Did something that began as a prank go horribly wrong? Of course, none of this changes the fact that you made a mistake or maybe a series of errors in judgment, but they begin to contextualize your frame of mind. Turn a New Leaf: How did the event(s) ultimately impact you? At the end of the day, the admission officer wants to know that you are cognizant of the full impact of what you did, and that you have learned from the experience. Tell them how you have grown up; give evidence of your improving responsibility and self-discipline. Have you arrived on time every day this semester, become a peer mentor, or enrolled in counseling or behavior management? Have your grades improved? Give them the confidence that you have become a more responsible person/student and will continue to respect the rules of your high school and college communities. Extenuating Circumstances There are many reasons a student might drop a major subject or have a problematic transcript. Perhaps you changed schools and could no longer get into honors classes. Maybe you contracted mono, resulting in a grade drop or a semester off. Were you diagnosed with a learning disability and only now learning to address your academic challenges? Admission officers are human (believe it or not!) and want to know the context of your high school experience. Give full information about your situation, but don’t try to ‘milk it’ or play the sympathy card. Finally, ask your high school teachers and counselors for letters to support your story. Ask your college counselor to address your disciplinary or curricular problems in his/her letter. If you have a medical issue, ask your doctor or psychologist to send in a brief note of explanation. While you can't erase these concerns, if you follow these suggestions, at least you have acknowledged and addressed them honestly. Ultimately an admissions officer will know that you have grown from the experiences and have a mature outlook on your college life. Want a customized, strategic action plan for addressing the Red Flags in your college application? Contact us today!

Grand Corruption ‘Consists Of Acts Committed At A High

Grand corruption ‘consists of acts committed at a high level of government that distort policies or the central functioning of the state, enabling leaders to benefit at the expense of the public good’. Grand corruption represents a very dangerous social phenomenon plaguing Nigeria since the colonial era, which legal and institutional efforts to combat it over the years have taken many forms. However, the persistence of grand corruption in Nigeria arguably infringes on the realisation of certain human rights. Metaphorically, corruption is referred to as ‘public enemy number one’ that needs to be combatted using a holistic approach. The endemic nature of grand corruption in Nigeria provokes such rhetorical questions as: is it proper for†¦show more content†¦The World Bank defines corruption as ‘the abuse of public office for private gain’. The World Bank’s definition asserts only public corruption, leaving out private corruption . This I see as a drawback as it is a recognized factor that private sector corruption enables public corruption to thrive. Ian Bannon argues that ‘this definition is not original, but it was chosen because it is concise and broad enough to include most forms of corruption that the Bank encounters, as well as being widely used in the literature’. For Humphrey Asobie, the definition by the World Bank ‘creates the impression that corruption is a malady that primarily or even solely afflicts those in the public service, especially state authority, whereas those in the private sector and civil society may be equally culpable’. Daniel Kaufmann saw the public office centered approach towards the definition of corruption as deficient asserting that ‘†¦ we challenged this definition of corruption as placing too much emphasis on public office...we presented empirical evidence of the extent to which many powerful private firms engage in undue influence, to shape state policies, laws and regulations, for their own benefit’. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) defines corruption as ‘the abuse ofShow MoreRelatedHow Corruption Affects The Public And Private Sectors Of Our World1306 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Corruption is a multidimensional phenomenon with numerous causes and effects in the public and private sectors of our world. This dark trend has no boundaries, it is found in every country ranging from the economic leaders down to the least developed nations. The official definition given for corruption by Transparency International is â€Å"the abuse of entrusted power for private gain† (TI). 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Christina Aguilera free essay sample

From pop princess, to dirrty girl, to Free Xtina, to good girl gone bad, to singer veteran. Ive liked and appreciated Christina Aguileras music. She began with a near winning appearance on Star Search but really began her career when she appeared on Disneys Mousketeers and sung My Reflection for the Disney movie, Mulan. People realized Christinas superior voice and talent and she released Genie in a Bottle in mid 1999 as a part of her album, Christina Aguilera. The song peaked on number five on the Billboard Hot 100. And along with What a Girl Wants made the album a nice seller for the starting out star. Yet virtually none of the songs on Christina Aguilera were from the actual artist. Christina then released an album that did express herself in 2002, called Stirpped. The first single she released, Dirrty, she recieved a pretty hard hit from the paparazzi for the single. We will write a custom essay sample on Christina Aguilera or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But she redeemed herself when she released the second single, Beautiful. The soulful ballad expressed some of Christinas deepest feelings and tapped into some of the emotions of others in different plights. The third single released from Stripped, Fighter is a powerful song with an artistically creative video speaking of the abuse of her father also turned out to be another hit. Then, four years later, Christina was back with her album Back to Basics. The album talked about her recent marriage and new man, as well as her determination to sing her music. Most recently she has released an album of her greatest hits. Among these is a new song of hers, the purpose of this article, entitled Keeps Getting Better. The song is just another long list of great songs. Although some words mentioned in the song might be a bit inappropriate the overall message of the song is fun and cute. Christina has now left the fifties in Back to Basics and gone sixties. The new video features Christina rocking her new long blonde hair playing around with different versions of herself. Im just glad to say that she has been able to leave some of the drama of her past behind and gear into a new future. Good luck.

Merits and Demerits of Democracy free essay sample

Democracy is considered to be the best form of government these days. Most of the countries in the world have adopted it. The following arguments have been given in favour of Democracy: (i) Safeguards the interests of the people: Chief merit of democracy lies in that it safeguards the interests of the people. Real power lies in the hands of the people who exercise it by the representatives elected by them and who are responsible to them. It is said that social, economic and political interests of the individuals are served better under this system. ii) Based on the principle of equality: Democracy is based on the principle of equality. All members of the State are equal in the eyes of law. All enjoy equal social, political and economic rights and state cannot discriminate among citizens on the basis of caste, religion, sex, or property. All have equal right to choose their government. We will write a custom essay sample on Merits and Demerits of Democracy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (iii) Stability and responsibility in administration: Democracy is known for its stability, firmness and efficiency. These days tenure of the elected representatives is fixed. They form a stable government because it is based on public support. The administration is conducted with a sense of responsibility. In representative democracy, peoples representatives discuss matters more thoroughly and take reasonable decision. Under monarchy the Monarch takes decisions as he pleases. Under dictatorship, the dictators do not involve people at all in decision making, people have no right to criticise the decisions of the dictator even when they are bad and against peoples welfare. (iv) Political education to the people: Another argument given in favour of democracy is that it serves as a training school for citizens. People get impetus to take part in the affairs of the state. At the time of elections political parties propose their policy and programme in support of their candidates. All means of propaganda-public meetings, posters, radio, television and speeches by important leaders of the parties- are used to win public favour. It creates political consciousness among the people. (v) Little chance of revolution: Since democracy is based on public will, there is no chance of public revolt. Representatives elected by the people conduct the affairs of the state with public support. If they dont work efficiently or dont come up to the expectations of their masters i. e. , the public, they are thrown in the dustbin of history when elections are held again. Gilchrist opines that democracy or popular governments always function with consensus and therefore question of revolt or revolution does not arise. (vi) Stable government: Democracy is based on public will. It conducts state business with public support. It is, therefore, more stable than other forms of Government. (vii) Helps in making people good citizens: Success of democracy lies on its good citizens. Democracy creates proper environment for the development of personality and cultivating good habits. D. Tacquville is of opinion that Democracy is the first school of good citizenship. Citizens learn their rights and duties from birth till death in it. (viii) Based on public opinion: Democratic administration is based on public will, public opinion lends it strength. It is not based on fear of authority. Gettel is of opinion that democracy stands on consensus, not on power; it admits the existence of state for individual, not individual for the state. It lends development and progress to individual and arouses his interest in social activities. Individuals readily take active part in such a government. And this is because of the eminence, devotion and conviction in man found in the nature of democracy itself. Demerits of Democracy Following arguments have been given against Democracy: (i) More emphasis on quantity than on quality: It is not based upon the quality but on quantity. Majority party holds the reigns of government. Inefficient and corrupt persons get themselves elected. They have neither intelligence, nor vision, nor strength of character to steer through the ship of the state to its destinations. (ii) Rule of the incompetent: Democracies are run by incompetent persons. It is government by amateurs. In it, every citizen is allowed to take part, whereas everybody is not fit for it. Locke calls it the act of running administration by the ignorant. He says that history records the fact that a few are intelligent. Universal adult franchise grants right to vote to everybody. Thus, a few manipulators who can collect votes with the greatest success get democratic power. The result is that democracy run by the ignorant and incompetent becomes totally unfit for intellectual progress and search for scientific truths. (iii) Based on unnatural equality: The concept of equality is enshrined in democracy. It is against the law of nature. Nature has not endowed every individual with intelligence and wisdom. Mens talents differ. Some are courageous, other are cowards. Some healthy, others not so healthy. Some are intelligent, others are not. Critics are of opinion that it is against the law of nature to grant equal status to everybody. (iv) Voters do not take interest in election: Voters do not cast their vote in a spirit of duty as democracy requires them to do. Contestants of election persuade them. Even then, it is generally found that turn out comes to 50 to 60 percent only. This forefeits the very tall claim of holding elections. (v) Lowers the moral standard: The only aim of the candidates becomes to win election. They often employ under-hand practices, foul means to get elected. Character assassination is openly practised, unethical ways are generally adopted. Muscle power and money power work hand-in-hand to ensure success to him. Thus, morality is the first casualty in election. It is a big loss for when character is lost, everything is lost becomes explicit in due course. (vi) Democracy is a government of the rich: Modern democracy is, in fact, capitalistic. It is rule of the capitalists. Electioneering is carried out with money. The rich candidates purchase votes. Might of economic power rules over the whole process. The net result is that we get plutocracy under the garb of democracy-democracy in name and form, plutocracy in reality. It cares a fig for the common man. The rich hold the media and use it for their own benefit. Big business houses influence dailies and use these dailies for creating public opinion to their favour. Influence of moneyed people over politics is probably clear in England, America and India. Consequently, communists dont accept it democracy at all. According to them, Socialist democracy is democracy in the right sense of the term because the welfare of the labour class and farming community can be safeguarded properly only under socialist democracy. (vii) Misuse of public funds and time: Democracy is a huge waste of time and resources. It takes much time in the formulation of laws. A lot of money is spent during the elections. Ministers are proving white elephants. They are a heavy burden on public exchequer as they waste public money on their tours and recreations. (viii) No stable government: When no party gets absolute majority, coalition governments are formed. The coalition of political parties with a view of sharing power is only a marriage of convenience. Whenever there occurs clash of interests, the coalition is lost and governments crumble down. Thus, stable governments under democracy generally dont exist. France lost the World War II because there was no stable government in the country at that time. We, in India, have been experiencing the same thing for the present. (ix) Dictatorship of majority: Democracy is criticised because it establishes dictatorship of majority. The majority is required to safeguard the interests of minority but in actual practice it does not. Majority after gaining success at the polls forms its ministry and conducts the affairs of the state by its own sweet will. It ignores the minority altogether; the minority is oppressed. (x) Bad influence of political parties: Political parties are the basis of democracy. A political party aims at capturing power. Its members are to safeguard the interests of the party. Sometimes, they overlook the overall interest of the state for the sake of their party. They try to win election by hook or by crook. Practising the immoral methods, empty ideals, inciting hatred, spreading caste feelings, communalism has become a common practice. It lowers the national character.